Posizionamento sicuro per i vagoni delle montagne russe
Un sistema di blocchi garantisce la sicurezza sulle montagne russe in legno
I requisiti di sicurezza imposti per le corse dei passeggeri sono estremamente rigorosi: gli standard sono ancora più esigenti rispetto a quelli degli ascensori. Le montagne russe sono in genere dotate di un sistema di blocchi di sicurezza. Il blocco è una sezione del binario tra due punti di frenata della corsa. Il principio alla base del sistema è abilitare una sezione per il treno, ovvero aprire i freni solo se il treno precedente è uscito dal blocco successivo. Il sistema a blocchi viene utilizzato anche per determinare la velocità del treno, registrando i tempi di spostamento da un blocco al successivo.
I sensori Factor-1 rilevano le lamine frenanti in rame
Il sistema viene normalmente monitorato e controllato con sensori di prossimità. I sensori rilevano le cosiddette lamine frenanti in rame, fissate sul lato inferiore del treno a 70 cm di distanza per tutta la lunghezza del convoglio. "Il rame è un metallo non magnetico. Questo è importante per rispondere ai freni magnetici che rallentano la corsa quando necessario", spiega Markus Spoth, responsabile per l'ingegneria elettrica presso l'Europa Park. Il vantaggio ottenuto in questo modo costituisce uno svantaggio per il rilevamento con sensori induttivi. I sensori induttivi con tecnologia basata su nucleo in ferrite presentano la peggiore risposta al rame. Per questo si è rivelato necessario utilizzare un sensore Factor 1, che garantisca la stessa distanza di commutazione con tutti i metalli. Il dispositivo Turck NI75 si è distinto dai sensori Factor 1 dei suoi concorrenti. Nessun altro sensore di pari categoria offre una distanza di commutazione così elevata di circa 6 centimetri. Il treno può presentare un offset di fino a 2,5 centimetri verso destra o sinistra rispetto ai binari. "I sensori rilevano la lamina frenante spessa 12 mm sul fondo del treno e sul lato. In entrambi i casi è necessaria una capacità di commutazione sicura. I sensori Turck hanno reso possibile questa configurazione non standard. Offrono un punto di commutazione sicuro in entrambe le posizioni di montaggio", spiega Gebhardt.
Sistema di sollevamento silenzioso
La parte della corsa in cui il treno è portato fino al suo punto di inizio discesa è nota come sollevamento. Un binario con funzione anti-rollback nella relativa gola assicura che il treno non ritorni in modo incontrollato verso la stazione se la catena di trazione o un altro componente si rompono. Normalmente un ancoraggio di sicurezza sferraglia sul fondo sul meccanismo a uncino presente nella gola del binario, generando un suono chiaramente udibile. Per prevenire questo rumore, GCI solleva l'ancoraggio con un elettromagnete. GCI chiama questo sistema "sollevamento silenzioso". Il treno viene rilevato dai sensori e la sua velocità monitorata dal controller. Se il treno scende al di sotto della velocità predefinita di 1,5 m/s, significa che è presente un guasto nella trasmissione a catena. In questo caso, il controller disattiva gli elettromagneti e l'ancoraggio scende sul meccanismo a uncino del binario, che blocca il treno. In questo modo, il sistema funziona anche in caso di interruzione della corrente.
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